Tunisian Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
The Tunisian Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (Tun J Sport Sci Med), established in 2023, is an international academic journal focusing on the comprehensive fields of sports science and medicine. The journal's scope extends to a wide range of topics including exercise physiology, biomechanics, psychology, sociology, nutrition and dietetics, motor learning and control, sports and exercise epidemiology, kinesiology and movement science, technology and data analysis, among many other evolving fields in sports science. The main objective is to foster the development of sports science, enhancing athletic performance, promoting health, and preventing injuries. The Tun J Sport Sci Med invites submissions of high-quality original articles, review articles (e.g., narrative, scoping, systematic, integrative), editorials, short communications, and letters to the editor. We ensure the implementation of a rigorous open peer review system for increased transparency. Operating under a gold open access model, we provide unrestricted online access to our content.
Effect of time of day on learning time and attention at physical education sessions in high school students
Background: Biological rhythms shape students' physical and cognitive abilities throughout the day, directly affecting their attention and academic performance. Chronobiology reveals the importance of scheduling learning activities during the periods when pupils are most attentive and motivated to learn. Aim: The study investigates the impact of time-of-day variations on learning time, attention, and instructional efficacy in physical education (PE), emphasizing alignment with students’ physiological and cognitive rhythms. Methods: Two PE lessons were analysed using the Learning Time Analysis System and the barrage test. Descriptive analysis of learning time distribution between morning and afternoon sessions revealed significant differences in activity allocation. Results: Teachers spent more time in the morning on preparatory tasks (54.31% vs 36.44%) and group management (5.76% vs 1.06%), resulting in better cognitive function after sleep. Teachers spent more time on motor development in the afternoon (47.96% vs. 34.52% in the morning) and only 1.5% on physical conditioning. These sessions capitalized on peak physical readiness associated with circadian rhythms, such as heightened body temperature and increased neuromuscular efficiency. The acquisition of theoretical knowledge remained consistent across both periods (13.21% in the morning vs 10.93% in the afternoon). This indicates that cognitive performance was independent of the time of day. The findings also demonstrate a significant effect in term of attention which being higher in the morning versus the afternoon. Conclusion: These findings highlight the influence of biological rhythms on learning time, attention, and performance and suggest that optimizing PE schedules by reserving mornings for cognitively demanding tasks and afternoons for physically intensive activities (e.g. skill practice, conditioning) may improve educational outcomes. The study advocates that teachers plan sessions to match students' chronobiological profiles, thereby improving motor engagement, reducing disengagement, and promoting academic success in PE.
Learning Time Analysis System, Circadian Rhythms, Academic Performance, Temporal Variability
Copyright (c) 2026 Gaith Ezzeddine (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Video Feedback Combined with Verbal Instruction Enhances Motor Skill Acquisition and Positive Thinking in Adolescent Football Learners: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Aim: This study examined the effects of video feedback combined with verbal instruction on motor skill acquisition and positive thinking among novice adolescent learners in a school-based physical education programme. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 50 male third-year middle school students (age = 15 ± 0.74 years) randomly assigned to experimental (n = 25) or control (n = 25) groups. Over four weeks, both groups received identical football skill instruction during weekly 120-minute sessions. The experimental group received video feedback demonstrating proper inside-of-the-foot kicking technique (presented at real-time and 50% slow-motion speeds from multiple viewing angles) combined with verbal instruction, while the control group received verbal instruction with live demonstration only. Outcome measures included maximal kicking distance and Soccer Positive Thinking Scale scores assessed at pre-test and post-test. Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in kicking distance (mean increase = 6.32 m, 95% CI: 4.64-8.00 m, t₂₄ = 7.77, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.55) and positive thinking scores (mean increase = 0.89 points, 95% CI: 0.06-1.72 points, t₂₄ = 2.20, p = 0.037, Cohen's d = 0.44). The control group exhibited no statistically significant changes in either outcome (kicking: p = 0.054; positive thinking: p = 0.063). Between-group comparison confirmed experimental superiority for motor performance (t₄₈ = 4.89, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.38). Conclusion: Combined video feedback and verbal instruction substantially enhanced both motor skill acquisition and positive thinking in novice learners during authentic physical education settings. These findings support integrating video-based technologies into school curricula to optimize motor learning outcomes.
Augmented feedback, cognitive development, educational technology, observational learning, psychomotor performance, neurocognitive function, skill retention, visual perception
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Combined Swedish Massage and Dry Cupping Therapy Improve Lumbar Range of Motion in Middle-Aged Males with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain
Aim: This investigation evaluated the combined effects of Swedish massage therapy and dry cupping on lumbar range of motion in middle-aged males with chronic non-specific low back pain. Methods: A single-group pre-posttest experimental design enrolled ten male participants (age 44.2±2.67 years) experiencing non-specific low back pain exceeding three months duration. The 6-week intervention protocol incorporated biweekly 30-minute Swedish massage sessions employing effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, and vibration techniques, combined with biweekly 10-minute dry cupping applications using size 1 acrylic cups positioned bilaterally parallel to L1-L5 vertebrae. Lumbar mobility was quantified via Finger-to-Floor Test measurements for forward flexion and standardized goniometric procedures for backward extension. Results: Forward flexion capacity increased from 28.6±3.74° to 37.2±2.71° (mean difference 8.6°, 95% CI [2.9°, 14.3°]; t₉=3.326, P=0.009, Cohen’s d=1.05), representing 30.1% improvement from baseline. Backward extension improved from 28.9±4.60° to 39.6±2.76° (mean difference 10.7°, 95% CI [7.2°, 14.2°]; t₉=6.743, P<0.001, Cohen’s d=2.13), constituting 37.0% enhancement. Both parameters exceeded the 5° minimal clinically important difference threshold, with effect sizes indicating large-to-very-large magnitude improvements. Conclusion: Combined Swedish massage and dry cupping therapy produced statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in lumbar range of motion among middle-aged males with chronic non-specific low back pain. These preliminary findings support the potential utility of integrated manual therapy approaches as non-pharmacological management strategies, though adequately powered randomized controlled trials are required for definitive clinical recommendations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamel Halouani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Pitch Dimensions and Player Numbers on Physical and Physiological Responses During Small-Sided Games in Female Soccer Players: A Narrative Review
Aim: This review examined the influence of pitch dimensions and player numbers on physical and physiological responses during small-sided games (SSGs) in female soccer players, addressing the gender-specific research deficit in training prescription guidelines. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases (1984-2024) to identify studies examining pitch dimension and player number effects on exercise intensity in elite and youth female soccer populations. Eligible investigations reported quantitative physical (distance metrics, speed classifications, acceleration profiles) or physiological (heart rate, metabolic power, blood lactate, perceived exertion) outcomes during SSG participation. Seven studies met inclusion criteria and underwent qualitative synthesis. Results: Medium pitch dimensions (600-800 m² for 4-a-side formats) elicited superior cardiovascular intensity (mean heart rate: 89.88±3.56% HRmax; time >85% HRmax: 84.43±12.68%) compared to small (84.11±5.80% HRmax; 45.89±34.28%) and large (84.92±6.06% HRmax; 57.83±32.64%) configurations. Player number reductions from large to small formats progressively increased cardiovascular stress (time >85% HRmax: 54.9±27.9% vs. 69.8±25.9%), although 2vs2 configurations demonstrated paradoxically lower heart rate responses (89.8±1.8% HRmax) despite elevated blood lactate concentrations (9.1±0.9 mmol/L). Total distance covered increased with player number expansion (888.5±88.0 m [2vs2] to 1756.8±393.6 m [4vs4]), while high-intensity running distance was maximized in larger pitch formats (55.06±31.27 m vs. 21.03±11.33 m for large vs. small dimensions). Conclusion: Medium-to-large pitch dimensions combined with 3vs3 to 5vs5 player configurations optimize cardiovascular and metabolic intensity for aerobic conditioning in female soccer players. Substantial methodological limitations and limited study quantity necessitate systematic factorial investigations to establish evidence-based SSG prescription frameworks.
Aerobic capacity, athletic performance, cardiovascular responses, exercise intensity, metabolic demand, sports training methods, team sports, time-motion analysis
Video modeling: a vital tool for every sport pedagogue
Observational learning, a cornerstone of behavioral theories, posits that individuals acquire new skills by observing others. This principle is especially pertinent in sport pedagogy, where modeling serves as a crucial instructional tool, enabling educators and coaches to demonstrate techniques effectively. Recent advancements in multimedia technologies, such as 360-degree videos, virtual reality, and augmented reality, have significantly enhanced the potential of observational learning. However, the high costs associated with these advanced technologies limit their widespread accessibility. In contrast, traditional digital video remains a highly effective and accessible method for motor skill modeling. Digital videos offer precise, repeatable demonstrations, thereby aiding learners, including those with special needs, in mastering skills through controlled and repeated observation. This commentary underscores the significance of video modeling in sport pedagogy, advocating for the adoption of best practices to maximize its educational potential.
Copyright (c) 2024 Omar Trabelsi, Mohamed Abdelkader Souissi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Integration and Implications of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in the Realm of Sports Science Research, Training, and Rehabilitation
Background: The field of sports science has been fundamentally transformed by the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. AI has enabled advances in areas such as performance optimization, training personalization, injury risk assessment and prevention, talent recognition, rehabilitation, athlete monitoring, and wellness optimization. Objective: This review aims to explore the diverse impact of AI in sports science, highlighting advances in AI techniques, the challenges and limitations of integrating AI tools, and the emerging role of AI chatbots in shaping the future of sports research and applications. Methods: The review examines the existing literature on the application of machine learning, deep learning and other AI techniques in various aspects of sports science research and practice. It provides an overview of how these technologies have been used to improve personalized training programs, video analysis, injury risk prediction, talent identification, and rehabilitation. Results: The article describes how AI-powered tools and techniques have revolutionized sports science, enabling personalized, data-driven and efficient approaches to performance optimization. Sophisticated machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks, decision trees and support vector machines have been used to develop predictive models for injury risk assessment and prevention, leading to improvements in athletes' wellbeing and long-term performance. AI-driven talent identification and selection processes have also shown promise in recognizing exceptional athletes with greater accuracy. In addition, the integration of AI into athlete monitoring and rehabilitation has led to greater personalization, better decision making and faster return to play. Conclusion: The integration of AI and machine learning techniques into sports science has the potential to transform the field and lead to improved athlete performance, reduced risk of injury, improved well-being, and more personalized and effective interventions. The emergence of AI chatbots expands the applications of these technologies in sports science and offers new opportunities to streamline research processes, provide personalized advice to athletes and support sports medicine and rehabilitation
Copyright (c) 2024 Touhami Hamdaoui, Noureddine Ghennam, Rami Bouchouareb, Hatem Ghouili (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Acute exercise induces comparable mitochondrial biogenesis and vascular angiogenesis molecular regulators in the diabetic and non-diabetic rat myocardium
Background: The diabetic heart is associated with mitochondrial and microvascular dysfunctions along with impaired downstream co-activators. These functions may improve with long-term exercise training. However, it is unknown how they respond to acute exercise in the diabetic compared to the non-diabetic heart. Objective: Therefore, we aimed to evaluate and compare the acute molecular responses of mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors to a single exercise session between the diabetic and non-diabetic heart. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into one of four groups: 1- non-diabetic sedentary control (CS); 2- Diabetic exercise (DIEX); 3- Diabetic sedentary (DIS); and 4- non-diabetic exercise (CEX) groups. Left ventricles were obtained 6 – 7 weeks following diabetes induction and following a 60-min of treadmill running from CEX and DIEX. Results: Vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA was not different among all groups. Thrombospondin-1 mRNA was not different in CEX and DIEX and was greater in both groups than CS and DIS (P < 0.005). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC-1α) expression was not different in CEX and DIEX (P = 0.4). PGC-1α expression was lower in CS compared to all groups (P < 0.001 for CEX and DIEX, and P = 0.01 for DIS vs. CS) (Malondialdehyde was not different in all groups. Conclusion: All the above molecular responses to acute exercise were similar in the diabetic and non-diabetic hearts. This may suggest that the diabetic heart may similarly benefit from exercise in terms of mitochondrial biogenic and vascular angiogenic functions as the non-diabetic heart. Future studies should investigate the long-term training responses.
Copyright (c) 2024 Batool Alsalaimeh , Saja Haifawi, Bahaa Al-Trad, Thae’r Malkawi, Ramiz Al-Rababah , Ekram Alahmad, Manar Mardini, Ahmed Bataineh , Ramzi Al-horani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategies for Injury Prevention and Enhancing Performance
Evaluating athletes is crucial for both injury prevention and performance enhancement. This editorial explores the multifaceted approach required to maintain athletes at their peak while minimizing risks. Understanding an athlete's baseline physical condition through comprehensive assessments is the first step. Regular monitoring helps detect early signs of potential injuries, allowing for timely interventions. The integration of technology, such as wearable devices and biomechanical analysis, provides valuable data for these evaluations. Additionally, the psychological state of athletes plays a significant role; mental health assessments are necessary to address issues like stress and anxiety that can affect performance and lead to injuries. Customized training programs tailored to each athlete's specific needs are essential for optimizing performance and preventing injuries. A multidisciplinary team approach, involving coaches, physiotherapists, nutritionists, and psychologists, ensures a holistic support system for athletes. This comprehensive evaluation process not only enhances performance but also supports long-term athlete development, promoting healthier and more successful athletic careers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Florian Forelli, Ismail Bouzekraoui Aloui, Jean Mazeas, Timothy E Hewett, Maurice Douryang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tennis-Specific Incremental Aerobic Test (TSIAT): Construct Validity, Inter Session Reliability and Sensitivity
Objectives: This study aimed to explore the discriminative capacity of the Tennis-specific Incremental Aerobic Test (TSIAT) in differentiating between international level tennis players (IP) and regional level tennis players (RP), scrutinize the absolute and relative inter-session reliabilities of TSIAT, and assess the sensitivity and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) of TSIAT. Methods: A cohort-based repeated measures study design was used. Twenty-four male tennis players (age: 15.91±3.09 years, body-height: 1.68±0.20 m; body-mass: 67.45±16.06 Kg; body-mass-index: 20.96±1.97 kg·m-2) participated. TSIAT distance, peak heart rate (HRpeak), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were measured across two sessions. Inter-session reliability, sensitivity, and minimal detectable change (MDC95) of TSIAT were assessed. Additionally, discriminant ability was evaluated by comparing TSIAT indices between international-level (IP) and regional-level (RP) players. Results: The TSIAT showed excellent reliability (ICC[3,1]=0.95 and SEM%=1.81) and satisfactory sensitivity (SWC%=1.22). The MDC95 for the distance index was small (<5.02%). IP achieved significantly (p<0.05) greater distances (d=1.63 [large]), HRpeak (d=1.18 [moderate]), and [La] (d=2.51 [large]) compared to RP. The TSIAT demonstrated “very good” discriminant ability between IP and RP groups, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.89. Conclusion: Considering the “excellent” inter-session reliability, “satisfactory” sensitivity and “very good” discriminate athletes by different performance levels, the TSIAT may serve as a trusted tennis-specific incremental aerobic test.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wissem Dhahbi , Younes Hachana , Marouen Souaifi , Sahar Souidi , Ahmed Attia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Serious Game for Learning Gymnastic Elements: Preliminary development and validity assessment.
Background: The use of serious games in educational curricula is a new approach to enhance learning outcomes. Specifically, serious games designed for physical education can change the way complex physical skills are taught and learned. Gymnastics, with its detailed elements and techniques, presents a unique challenge for both educators and learners. Aim: This study aimed to: (i) investigate the potential of serious games in enhancing gymnastic elements teaching and learning in higher education, and (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of two games, G1 and G2, specifically designed for gymnastic elements. Methods: The study involved 792 university students, with 160 selected based on criteria like active gymnastic course participation, internet access, and gaming history. The participants were divided into four groups based on gaming sequence. After informed consent, they played two serious gymnastic games with five difficulty levels and ten stages targeting fundamental gymnastic elements. The Arabic version of the Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) was administered after each gaming session to assess immersion, flow, competence, positive affect, negative affect, tension, and challenge. Results: The study found significant differences in several variables using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Flow, Competence, and Positive Affect showed significant differences across groups, with Flow showing the most pronounced difference. Negative Affect and Tension showed no significant differences. Immersion and Challenge were significantly different across groups. Within Group 1, males and females differed in Flow and Competence. A comparison between Male (G1) and Male (G2) showed significant differences in Immersion and Challenge. However, no effect difference was found in Positive Affect. Tension was found to be significant between Male (G2) and Female (G1). Flow and Challenge also varied significantly within Group 2. Females across G1 and G2 showed differences in Competence and Immersion. Overall, the study highlights the importance of understanding and addressing differences in mental health and well-being among different age groups. Conclusion: The study suggests that serious games can effectively teach complex physical skills like gymnastics within physical education curricula, but further research is needed to understand their long-term educational impacts and optimal implementation strategies in physical education settings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmoud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The role of physical activity in health capital management: perspectives on involvement of non-governmental organizations; the case of WHO
Background: Physical activity plays a vital role in health management by preventing and managing chronic diseases. Despite its known benefits, global participation levels remain low. Organizations like the world Health Organization (WHO) play a crucial role in promoting physical activity through partnerships and initiatives aimed at increasing awareness and engagement. Objectives: This article aimed to (i) synthesize contemporary research on the benefits of physical activity, focusing on its impact on physical, mental, and social health, and (ii) explore the shift towards a holistic and collaborative approach in strengthening global public health. Methods: The study was structured around two key areas. First, it examined how physical activity affected various dimensions of individual health. Second, it explored the implementation of innovative strategies involving new stakeholders to enhance public health efforts. To support these objectives, a literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Keywords included "physical activity," "well-being," "health," and "WHO." Results: This article highlights the wide-ranging benefits of physical activity, including its positive effects on physical, mental, and social health. It emphasizes the importance of strategic partnerships and cross-sector collaborations in effectively promoting these benefits. Additionally, it explores new ways to involve different stakeholders in efforts to improve global public health through physical activity. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of physical activity in improving overall health and acknowledges the significant contributions of organizations like the WHO in promoting these benefits. To translate these findings into practice, collaboration between health organizations and local communities is crucial for developing effective physical activity programs. Policymakers should allocate resources towards initiatives that encourage active lifestyles. Furthermore, involving new partners, including educational institutions and businesses, can enhance the impact of these efforts on public health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Youssouf BALLAH YOUSSOUF (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Redundancy and Video Control on Tactical Learning in Basketball within the Context of Physical Education
This study examines the impact of redundancy and rhythm control in video on the development of tactical knowledge in basketball among 15-16-year-old learners. Participants were exposed to four conditions: "Audio without control" format (N = 20), redundant "Audio + Text without control" format (N = 20), "Audio with control" format (N = 20), and redundant "Audio + Text with control" format (N = 20). Results revealed that students achieved higher comprehension and transfer scores in the two conditions where the video was controlled. Additionally, performance demonstrated a negative impact of redundancy on learning. However, these negative effects dissipated, even reversed, in learner-controlled video conditions, accompanied by improvements in performance. Consequently, processing difficulties induced by redundancy were mitigated by pause intervals, enabling a focus solely on written content and facilitating memorization. Thus, to attenuate the negative effect of redundancy, it would be appropriate to present textual support after oral presentation and demonstration of tactical actions during video-based learning in Physical Education.
Copyright (c) 2024 Montassar Ben Romdhane, Aïmen Khacharem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Curricular vulnerability of young physical education teachers in Tunisia through the prism of innovation
Tunisia, as a independent Stat, has had to ensure the education of the young Tunisian. As a conséquence, this led to attempt to ensure an efficient training of the future teachers. The training in the "Superior Institutes of Physical Education and Sport" (ISSEP) also seems to be weakened as the gratuated ( at a license's level since the adoption, in 2006, of a Licenc- Master-Doctorate LMD structure) have nowadays to wait more than five years before to become Physical Education (PE) teachers. The aim of the present study was to examinate possible vulnerabilities of the PE training in ISSEP in order to suggest possible perspectives innovation. Twelve semi-directed interviews has been done to obtain the interviewees' reactions regarding the training of PE teachers in ISSEP . A lexical analysis of the verbatim was computed and this led to a categorical analysis of the corresponding outputs. These analyses led to determine a categories of ideas that put the emphasis on a series of problems. Beyond i) the difficulties of professionnal integration ii) the absence of a clear goal of competencies of to organize the initial training iii) a lack of following during the years after graduation and befor becoming a PE teacher iiii) academic content, iiiii) sport and physical activities exclusively centered on the field of the high-level sport training. These results will be discussed as indicators of vulnerability. Possible suggestions concerning the development of the LMD structure will also be discussed.
Physical Education, Students, teachers, training, Tunisia, Vulnerability, Innovation
Copyright (c) 2024 Ines Souid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Acute Changes in Plasma Lipid Levels after an Endurance Triathlon Competition in Young Physical Education Students
Purpose The literature has failed to adequately report the effect of triathlon on general health. The current study aimed to assess the effects of an endurance triathlon competition on serum lipid profile. Methods Fourteen recreational triathletes being physical education students completed a short-distance triathlon competition (750 m swimming, 20 km cycling, and 5 km running). Blood collection was carried out before and just after the race. Results In comparison with rest, exercise resulted in decreased levels of triglyceride (TGL) (22.9%, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (2.5%, p < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (3.3%, p < 0.05), and increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (8%, p < 0.01). Conclusion Our study highlighted that the endurance triathlon competition improved blood lipid profile, which confirms the positive effects of such exercise on serum lipid metabolism and its probable role in preventing cardiovascular risks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amir Khcharem, Dr. Abroug T. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Periodization: A Strategic Influence in Athletics and Academics
Background: Periodization, often synonymous with the systematic organization of athletic training, holds immense value for academics as well. Objective: This opinion paper aimed at emphasizing the relevance of periodisation not only for athletes but also academics. Methods: There was no systematic literature search conducted. However, selective publications in relation to the topic were considered. Results: By implementing the fundamental principles of periodization, sports scientists can optimize their performance, cultivate essential skills, effectively manage their workload, and cope with emerging challenges. Therefore, periodization seems to hold significant value for academics. Conclusions: Just as athletes meticulously plan their training cycles to reach top performance, academics can leverage the power of periodization to excel in their intellectual pursuits. By embracing this structured approach, academics can unlock their full potential while maintaining healthy and sustainable work practice.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raja Bouguezzi, yassine Negra, Helmi Chaabene (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Big Data in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science: Integrating Theory and Practice for Future Innovations
Background: Big data has been successfully applied in medicine, offering remarkable advancements in patient care and health management. The rise of big data in sports medicine and exercise science is a pivotal development, offering fresh perspectives on optimizing athlete performance, preventing injuries, and managing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This review explores the integration and the potential of big data in these areas, with a particular focus on wearables, genomics, and metabolomics. Objectives: The objectives of this study were: (i) to present the current state of big data in sports medicine, including its applications and advancements in wearables, genomics, and metabolomics, and (ii) to outline the future prospects of big data in sports medicine and exercise science, emphasizing a call to action for ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration. Methods: An extensive review of the existing literature and current practices in the application of big data in sports medicine was conducted. The review concentrated on the advancements and applications in the fields of wearables, genomics, and metabolomics, and their implications for sports science and health management. Results: The application of big data has significantly influenced sports medicine, particularly through advanced wearable technologies for monitoring physiological parameters, genomic approaches for personalized athlete care, and metabolomics for in-depth analysis of metabolic responses to exercise. These developments have led to more individualized training and rehabilitation programs, effective injury prevention strategies, and better health management practices for both athletes and the general population. Conclusion: The integration of big data into sports medicine signifies a substantial shift towards more data-driven and tailored approaches. This progression fosters interdisciplinary collaboration and opens new avenues for research in areas like biomechanics and transcriptomics. Leveraging these opportunities can lead to practical improvements in athlete care, health management, and a broader understanding of sports science, benefiting both the sports community and the wider public.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ismail Dergaa, Karim CHAMARI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Overview of Caffeine's Impact on Team Ball Sport Performance: Dosing, Gender Differences, and Physiological Considerations
Background: Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance globally, second only to water in beverage consumption. Its impact on athletic performance, particularly in team sports, has been a subject of growing research interest. This review focuses on recent studies investigating caffeine's influence on various aspects of team ball sports performance. Objectives: This mini-review aimed to (i) synthesize current research findings on caffeine supplementation in team sports, considering different doses, forms, and its effects across genders and (ii) to highlight key considerations for optimal caffeine use in these sports. Methods: THIS mini-review examined recent studies on caffeine's effects in team ball sports, analyzing variables such as supplementation strategies, habitual consumption, gender, washout periods, individual responses, and supplement forms (capsules or powders). The focus is on studies that have used caffeine doses ranging from 3 to 6 mg·kg -1, administered 60 minutes before competition. Results: Findings suggest beneficial effects of caffeine ingestion (3 to 6 mg·kg-1) in enhancing technical and physical aspects of team ball sports. However, results vary based on factors like the supplementation strategy, individual caffeine consumption habits, and gender. Most research has focused on single-dose effects, revealing a lack of comprehensive, gender-specific guidelines for caffeine's optimal use in team sports. Conclusion: While caffeine supplementation shows promise in enhancing team sports performance, there is a need for more comprehensive research, especially regarding gender-specific effects and optimal consumption strategies. Current evidence points to the potential benefits of caffeine in morning competitions or training sessions but indicates possible detrimental effects in afternoon or evening settings. Further research is needed to develop robust guidelines for caffeine use in team sports, considering dosage, timing, form, and differential gender effects.
Copyright (c) 2023 Houda Bougrine, Atef Salem, Achraf Ammar, Nizar Souissi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Psychological Care in Sports Injury Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Mini-Review
Background: Sports injuries can have significant psychological impacts on athletes, including increased anxiety, depression, isolation, and fear of reinjury. These mental health factors can impede physical rehabilitation. Aim: This mini review synthesizes recent literature on the psychological responses to sports injuries and argues for integrating mental health care into injury rehabilitation. Methods: The review analyzes current research on the psychological impacts of injuries on athletes across various sports and age groups. It focuses on studies highlighting emotional reactions, identity loss, isolation, fear of reinjury, and other psychological distress. Results: Injured athletes commonly experience negative emotional reactions like shock, anger, sadness, irritation, and altered sleep and appetite. They also face increased risks of anxiety, depression, isolation from teammates, loss of identity, fear of reinjury, and low motivation during rehabilitation. These psychological factors can negatively impact adherence to rehabilitation and return to sport. Conclusions: Sports medicine professionals should address mental health alongside physical rehabilitation to optimize outcomes. Recommended psychological strategies include screening, counseling, motivation techniques, goal-setting, social support, and gradual return to sport protocols. A biopsychosocial approach is necessary to properly care for the whole athlete.
Copyright (c) 2024 Waqar Husain, Yasmin AlMashouk, Haitham Jahrami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physical and anthropometric profile of Tunisian elite football players according to their playing position: A longitudinal study
Background: In elite youth soccer, the extent to which anthropometric and physical fitness parameters vary according to playing positions remains unclear. Identifying and quantifying these differences is crucial for informing targeted training interventions. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the evolution anthropometric and physical profiles in Tunisian elite youth soccer players during one season, and to analyze differences between players according to their playing position. Methods: Sixty-two subjects (15.3±0.2 years, 69.4±6.4 kg, 176.9±4.8 cm) playing for the top four professional football clubs in Tunisia took part in the study. They were divided into five groups according to their playing position: goalkeepers (n=10), fullbacks (n=14), central defenders (n=11), midfielders (n=15) and forwards (n=12). Various anthropometric measurements, fitness tests assessing aerobic and anaerobic performance were performed at two times (T): T1 (3 weeks after the beginning of the preparation period), and T2 (end of the competitive period). Results: Football players across all positions exhibited significant anthropometric growth, particularly in height, with increases from small to moderate (p < 0.001; effect size (ES) = 0.30 to 0.57). Weight changes were non-significant (p = 0.01 to 0.14; ES = 0.01 to 0.14), while fat mass reductions across positions were slightly more pronounced (p = 0.05 to 0.25; ES = 0.09 to 0.25). Performance metrics revealed substantial improvements, particularly in the 5-Jump Test, where forwards excelled (p < 0.001; ES = 1.07), and in sprinting events, where consistent progress was noted across all positions (p < 0.001; ES = 0.16 to 0.33). The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test exhibited significant enhancements, again with forwards achieving the greatest gains (p < 0.001; ES = 3.01). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need for position-specific training in youth football, highlighting how physical and anthropometric characteristics vary by playing position. The results suggest that tailored training can enhance performance and development in young players, reinforcing the importance of customized approaches for different positions in elite youth soccer. This approach not only improves player performance but also aids in effective talent identification and injury prevention of youth soccer players.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohamed Ali Hammami, Karim Ben Ayed, Rim Mekni, Hatem Ghouili, Mohamed Mansour Bouzouraa, Khaled Trabelsi, Lamia Ben Izzeddine (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Guidelines for Applying Psychometrics in Sports Science: Transitioning from Traditional Methods to the AI Era
Background: The transition from conventional methods to the AI era in sports science emphasizes a critical need for comprehensive guidance in effectively applying psychometrics. This imperative is highlighted by dynamic transformations, where the integration of structured guidelines becomes indispensable for adeptly navigating the challenges and seizing the opportunities presented by advancing technologies. Aim: The aim of this study was to methodically outline and enhance the application of psychometrics in sports science, focusing on the transition from traditional methods to the artificial intelligence era. It sought to provide a clear, objective-driven framework for effectively utilizing psychometrics, particularly emphasizing integration with artificial intelligence technologies. Methods: The research employed a dual-pronged approach, developing theoretical frameworks and practical considerations. It outlined key principles for selecting and implementing psychometric tools, prioritizing reliability and validity. Additionally, the study closely examined ethical considerations linked to AI-driven psychometrics in sports, focusing on areas like privacy, potential bias, and the importance of maintaining transparency in these practices. Results: The study provided guidelines that bridged traditional psychometrics with emerging AI technologies in sports science. The results offered a roadmap for researchers, coaches, and practitioners, facilitating the transition to more robust assessment methodologies. Emphasis on data analysis and ethical considerations ensured responsible and effective integration of psychometrics and AI for athlete evaluation and development. Conclusion: This research offers a comprehensive framework for navigating the intersection of psychometrics and AI in sports science. Addressing both theoretical and practical aspects, the guidelines empower stakeholders to transition responsibly to advanced assessment methodologies in the evolving technological landscape.
Copyright (c) 2023 Noomen Guelmami, Mohamed Ben Aissa, Achref Ammar, Ismail Dergaa, Khaled Trabelsi, Haitham Jahrami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The relationship between nomophobia and psychological distress in Tunisian students: The moderating effect of physical activity
Background: Due to their stage of life and the daily stressors they encounter, students are particularly susceptible to both behavioral and psychological issues. Our study was designed with two objectives in mind: (1) to explore the potential mitigating effect of physical activity on the relationship between nomophobia and distress in students; and (2) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-12). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was undertaken with a sample of Tunisian students who regularly use smartphones (N=533, 64.6% female, mean age 25.03±6.55 years). Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses pointed to the DASS-12 as a secondary 3-factor scale. The internal consistency of the scale, as measured by Cronbach’s alphas, was 0.98 for stress, 0.90 for anxiety, and 0.84 for depression. The results of the measurement model supported the suitability and reliability of all the DASS-12 items in capturing the underlying constructs. Structural model analysis revealed positive correlations between physical activity and nomophobia with stress, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, physical activity was found to moderate the relationship between nomophobia and two elements of distress: stress and anxiety. Conclusion: The findings of this study open up novel intervention strategies for students grappling with nomophobia. In particular, the results suggest that promoting physical activity might serve as a coping strategy to counteract the impacts of nomophobia on stress and anxiety symptoms in students.
Physical Activity, Nomophobia, Tunisian University Students, DASS-12, Path Modeling
Copyright (c) 2023 Oumaima Mechraoui , Hilmi Jelleli , Feten Fekih-Romdhane , Mahmoud Rebhi, Mouna Saidane , Noomen Guelmami , Mohamed Ben Aissa, Walid Chater , Tore Bonsaksen, Ismail Dergaa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A 1-year longitudinal study of physical fitness in Tunisian junior tennis players
Background: Tennis, a sport demanding high levels of physical fitness, combines various aspects of athleticism such as agility, endurance, strength, and speed. The development of these attributes in junior players is crucial for their progress in the sport. Understanding the impact of structured tennis training on the physical fitness of junior players can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of training programs and guide future coaching strategies. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of 1-year of tennis practice on the physical fitness of Tunisian junior players. Methods: Sixty-two healthy participants were enrolled, divided into two groups, tennis players (TP) (n = 36) and controls, where the participants sedentary, (n = 26), each group was divided into two subgroups U14 and U16 age-groups. Physical fitness tests were conducted at baseline (T0) and after one-year (T1), including standing long jump, countermovement jump, medicine ball throw (MBT), 5m, 10m, and 20m sprints, sideways shuffle, Zigzag, spider drill, 20m shuttle run, and sit and reach (SAR) tests. Results: Jump performances increased significantly for TP in U14 and U16 compared to controls at T0 and T1. In both age-groups, MBT performance increased significantly for TP, with U16 for both groups were higher at T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The 5m and 10m sprints increased significantly for TP in both age-groups, though controls decreased in the 5m sprint in U14 (p<0.05). The 20m sprint increased significantly for TP in U14 and U16 (p<0.05), with U16 outperforming U14 at T0 and T1 (p<0.05). Sideway shuffle and spider drill performances significantly improved for TP (p<0.05), while decreased in controls (p<0.05). The Zigzag test and the maximum oxygen intake increased significantly for TP across both age-groups at T0 and T1, whereas controls' performance decreased in U14 (p<0.05). Conclusion: TP's SAR was significantly better than controls (p<0.05). In conclusion, tennis training enhances young athletes' physical fitness, improving agility, sprinting, jumping, and endurance compared to controls, reporting better results in U16 compared to U14 for most of tests.
Physical fitness; Tennis; Age; Training; Adolescent.
Copyright (c) 2023 Saeed Meflah Alshahrani, Atef Salem, Anis Zribi, Khaled Trabelsi, Achraf Ammar, Hamdi Chtourou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Outside the Lab: A Practical Perspective Transition in Sports Science Research
This manuscript explores the trend towards research based on data collected from training in Exercise and Sports Sciences. This model promotes a multidisciplinary approach, urging sports science researchers to consider its adoption for practical and tailored solutions. The trend focuses on integrating data from actual training and competitions into scientific publications, enhancing the comprehension of sports performance, especially in high-performance sports. While highlighting the advantages of real-world data collection, the manuscript acknowledges challenges such as maintaining methodological rigor, ensuring contextual documentation, prioritizing athlete safety and ethics, ensuring measurement accuracy, and emphasizing the necessity of collaboration. In conclusion, researchers are encouraged to embrace a realistic and multidisciplinary approach, aiming for more precise solutions to contribute significantly to the progress of sports science and athlete performance.
Training Data; Tailored Solutions; Collaboration in Research; Paradigm Shift in Research; Multidisciplinary Approach
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohamed Saifeddin Fessi, Rafael Franco Soares Oliveira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Beginning of Our Journey: The Launch of the Tunisian Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Copyright (c) 2023 Hamdi Chtourou, Noomen Guelmami, Khaled Trabelsi, Ismail Dergaa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0